Prevention and Crisis Intervention Essay Example for Free

Anticipation and Crisis Intervention Essay An emergency can be a horrible weight on any person that has or is enduring one; an emergency can leave an individual with a lot of uneasiness and stress. As an emergency mediation specialist it is my obligation to at any rate attempt to help those that come into my office. Most that do come to me are experiencing an emergency or the like and need to work through it. To assist them with working through their emergency I find that the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention is an incredible resource. The ABC Model of Crisis Intervention is a viable methodology since I can give impermanent quick help. An emergency can be hard to characterize yet there are three fundamental parts for a laborer to search for while working with a customer to characterize on the off chance that they are in or have been in an emergency. These parts are 1) an encouraging occasion; 2) a view of the occasion that causes abstract trouble; and 3) the disappointment of a person’s regular adapting strategies which causes an individual encountering the accelerating occasion to work at a lower level than before the occasion (Kanel, 2007). I ought to likewise make a point to utilize this three separated meaning of an emergency just as rules, an emergency ought to be recognized for every customer on an individual premise. The explanation I discover the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention so valuable is on the grounds that it gives me the rules to enable the customer to beat their emergency. The ABC Model can likewise be separated into three phases: (A) Building compatibility; (B) Identifying the issue; and (C) Coping (Kanel, 2007). I will probably enable the customers to change their view of the emergency and absorb the hastening occasion into their every day lives. By doing so we can guarantee that they keep or potentially gain inner self quality and dispose of the likelihood that they will become emergency inclined. Today I will be working with another customer named Jill who has come to me looking for help as such huge numbers of different customers have. Jill advises me that she works extended periods of time and is dr ained when she returns home. She proceeds to state that she is normally unreasonably tired for intercourse and that in light of her absence of sexual responsiveness her better half blows up. Jill states that he now and then gets so furious that he gets things done to her that incites dread in her. She is even apprehensive that her significant other will discover that she has come to me today for help. The absolute first thing I did when Jill came into my office was to begin the main phase of the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention. This stage, stage An, is tied in with building affinity and can be viewed as the establishment of the restorative experience (Kanel, 2007). Leading I educated Jill of her classification so I may begin to pick up her trust. I have to pick up her trust with the goal that I might have the option to assist her with helping herself. When she starts to feel affinity and start to believe me then she will turn out to be progressively open to me, permitting the meeting to continue. I attempted to be cautious with my going to aptitudes so I could pass on to Jill that I was really tuning in to her and was here for her. I utilized the SOLER technique to deal with my nonverbal conduct so I introduced a responsive nearness. SOLER alludes to: (S) Squaring off; (O) Open stance; (L) Leaning in; (E) Eye contact; (R) Relaxed (Cameron, 2008). I imply that I sat Square with Jill while keeping an Open stance and Leaning in marginally; I likewise kept Eye contact and held a Relaxed common stance. Utilizing the SOLER technique alone isn't sufficient so I additionally was cautious with my outward appearances, hand motions and other body developments too. Considerably in the wake of being cautious on how I act myself I was additionally mindful so as to watch Jill’s nonverbal correspondence. Another primary perspective was my listening aptitude; I tuned in to all that she said and how she said it. The show of joining in, watching and listening aptitudes affects powerful intelligent verbal reactions (Cameron, 2008). Rewording, addressing, reflection and rundown are exceptionally significant angles that can't be performed appropriately without the abilities I referenced. After I had built up affinity with Jill and guaranteed that we had a corresponding relationship I was then ready to proceed onward to the following stage. Stage B of the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention is basically engaged around recognizing the issue. This can be viewed as the most critical part of the ABC Model for giving helpful communication. Recognizing the accelerating occasion is significant yet investigating the client’s observations and insights are considerably progressively significant. On the off chance that I was to really help Jill, at that point I needed to discover her considerations and sentiments spinning around the circumstance. I definitely realize that Jill is terrified of her better half and that he stuffs to her when she doesn't react the manner in which he needs explicitly. In any case, since I have picked up Jill’s trust and we have moved into the B stage I would now be able to get progressively explicit. I chose to begin with some open-finished inquiries so I had the option to manage the discussion yet in addition let her assume control over talking. After the initial inquiry I presented I was then ready to attach the entirety of my different inquiries to what Jill had quite recently said. My thinking for this is on the grounds that when an inquiry is presented adequately fundamental data can be better assembled (Kanel, 2008). Notwithstanding suggesting my conversation starters as well as could be expected I additionally made a point to summarize all through the meeting. Summarizing is extremely valuable since it encourages me explain what my customers have said. It is keen to explain so not just you realize that you comprehend what the customer has said yet in addition with the goal that they realize you comprehend. I think that its essential that the customer realizes that I truly hear what they are stating and that I need to comprehend. Customers can feel great realizing that somebody is there for them and can be urged to progress forward. Not exclusively is rewording significant however reflection is additionally important re gardless of what part of the meeting procedure you are in. I needed to let Jill realize that I comprehend that she is terrified and that I was eager to assist her with working through her sentiments. Jill expected to tell somebody that she was frightened and realizing that I approved that feeling caused her to feel all the more impressive. By having the option to communicate their own emotions customers are then progressively ready to deal with those sentiments and express them in an increasingly positive way (Kanel, 2007). Realizing that I was there to hear what she needed to state and to acknowledge her sentiments Jill had the option to feel increasingly good talking. The explanation that the entirety of that is so significant is on the grounds that we have to recognize the client’s impression of the occasion. The impression of the occasion is by a wide margin the most significant on the grounds that it very well may be most effectively and immediately modified (Kanel, 2007). By knowing how the Jill sees the circumstance and knowing how she feels I can then reframe. Reframing is planned to change the inner intellectual experience of the customer once the present insights are known (Kanel, 2007). Rather than letting her accept she is powerless for being terrified I reframed Jill’s circumstance that she is solid for looking for my assistance today. Reframing is viewed as a major aspect of restorative collaboration, which helped me help Jill, similarly as with my different customers, in contemplating the circumstance. I utilized approval and bolster proclamations too, advising Jill that it was alright for her to be frightened and that she isn't the only one. Further I utilized instructive explanations in light of the fact that giving real data is crucial in each emergency (Kanel, 2007). Finally with the restorative cooperations I attempted use engaging proclamations so I could support Jill. My fundamental objective was to illuminate Jill that she isn't feeble yet that she has control in her life. Another significant angle that I led all through the B stage was making moral checks. I needed to see whether Jill was helpless against self destruction and furthermore on the o ff chance that she has any maniacal propensities toward her better half. I likewise needed to talk about with Jill in the event that she has been determined to have any psychological or passionate issues. Discovering any prescriptions that she was right now making was my next stride. I needed to check for substance use or potentially maltreatment too, which I did as such by utilizing my scrutinizing and examining capacities. The last piece of the B stage is rundown which was useful in permitting me to summarize the meeting up to this point. The key reason for synopsis is to enable the customer to arrange their musings (Kanel, 2007). I additionally needed to ensure that I comprehended everything Jill said effectively and to explain anything misinterpretations. Summing up additionally helped me make a smooth progress into the following period of the ABC Model. I had the option to assemble everything that Jill and I have talked about and start in on the adapting. Adapting is the C phase of the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention and is the last advance of the procedure. I began by asking Jill how she has been managing the entire circumstance up to this point. I educated Jill that I had to know all that she has been doing whether it has been useful or not. I needed to t ell her that crying, dozing, talking, and in any event, eating can be viewed as adapting. Jill disclosed to me increasingly about the circumstance and what she has done to attempt to cause herself to feel better. While Jill was advising me regarding past and current adapting strategies I was mindful so as to make mental arrangements of what appeared to work and what didn't. Evoking unfortunate endeavors at adapting was particularly significant for Jill. The purpose behind this is on the grounds that she was got mindful of her conduct she was then progressively open to elective strategies. I realized that Jill would be bound to finish an arrangement she has created herself (Kanel, 2007). This is the point at which I chose to urged Jill to begin considering new and better adapting strategies. After Jill communicated her own thoughts I concluded I would then propose a few recommendations of different methods of adapting. My first recommendation was to contact the specialists about the things her better half does to her. I educated her that there are numerous care groups acce ssible to her regardless of her

Key Auditing Concepts for Professional Scepticism-myassignmenthelp

Question: Expound on theKey Auditing Concepts for Professional Skepticism. Answer: Inspectors while playing out a review commitment, are required to practice certain methodologies, for example, proficient judgment and expert suspicion in their work since review is led to empower the evaluator to communicate a feeling about the valid and reasonable perspective on the budget summaries of an element. Proficient suspicion requires the evaluators to stay caution to anything surprising showing the chance of material misquotes in the fiscal summaries of the organization, which they go over during the review procedure. The way to deal with keep a scrutinizing mind all through the review procedure is important to basically evaluate the review confirmations which helps them in making a determination dependent on which review feeling is framed. In spite of the fact that it isn't the legal obligation of evaluator to identify the fakes and blunders in the fiscal summaries yet at the same time they should follow the idea of expert wariness on the off chance that they discover an y data that throws question about the unwavering quality of essential reports and the request reactions of the important gatherings. Regardless of whether there are opposing confirmations on a specific review matter the examiner must apply proficient doubt to decide the validity of the review confirmations. There are 3 primary components of expert wariness which collaborate at whatever point inspector experiences the strange circumstances (Hurtt et al., 2013). These are properties mentality and the activity. Initial one is the Attributes incorporates the evaluators information and aptitudes. Second component is Mind-set incorporates the inspectors social methodology towards the review for example the examiner can't begin his work of review with dubious system of psyche about the entitys the board. In this way, the inspectors ought not be affected by the confirmations that are less enticing ordinarily. Activities is the third component which includes gathering and basically inspecting the review confirmations to evaluate the validity of the entitys books of records. With the end goal of basic evaluation examiners should the adequate and proper review confirmations. While seeking after the methodology of expert wariness inspectors must expand the review techniques at whatever point they d iscover anything irrational. Besides, reviewer is likewise required to survey the suitability of going concern supposition embraced by the organization and if during the review commitment he recognizes certain markers which influences the sensibility of going concern suspicion he should degree his review procedures.(Quadackers, Groot Wright, 2014). Inspectors are the outer gatherings delegated by a substance to direct review in order to raise the degree of certainty of the financial specialists and different partners of the organization. Thusly, to guarantee their freedom evaluators are required to apply proficient suspicion in the review arranging and keeping in mind that playing out the review techniques. Profit Management It is where the business directors controls the money related reports of the substance so as to bamboozle the partners about the companys monetary position to eventually achieve the financial advantages. As the estimation of firm is impacted by the degree of income detailed by it, the directors will in general control the profit with the thought process of achieving the financial motivating forces (Cohen Zarowin, 2010). It is in this manner hard to decide if these acts of profit the executives are worthy or they structure some portion of extortion done by the administration to delude the speculators. Budgetary reports are considered as the best method of correspondence of data between the organization and the partners about the money related execution of the organization. The basic nature and handiness of monetary reports requires the need of review of budget summaries by a free gathering (evaluators) in order to build the respectability of fiscal summaries according to the investors . Accordingly, the reviewers are required to keep up the most elevated level of autonomy while directing a review and simultaneously examiners are additionally required to apply proficient suspicion and expert judgment during the whole review process. The activities of profit the executives can either be to show higher salary or for demonstrating the lower pay in the fiscal reports of the organization (Badertscher, 2011). For instance, the administrative compensation arrangement of an organization requires the supervisors to create a specific degree of income to acquire motivations and rewards and so as to pick up the impetuses the chiefs connect with themselves in the profit the executives works out. The organization might be enduring misfortunes which is influencing the sensibility of its going concern presumption at that point to raise assets from money related foundations the administration may build the profit in the reports as going concern supposition that depends on companys reasonability to proceed with business later on. Additionally, to pick up the legislative endowments and aids the board embraces the act of income control (Gunny, 2010). Optional Accruals: Accumulations are one of the two segments of absolute income of the organization. The other segment is the immediate incomes from the activities of an element. The absolute gatherings are the appraisals and decisions made by the administration to reflect better monetary execution through improved profit bookkeeping. Gatherings can be either optional accumulations or non-optional collections (Linck, Netter Shu, 2013). Optional accumulations is the segment that the chiefs can choose all alone, inside the bookkeeping guidelines adaptability, to alter the incomes of the organization (Badertscher, Collins Lys, 2012). Optional gatherings offers the business administrators with the adaptability to control the companys income in order to impact the partners. Because of the association of broad administrative judgment this part is more abstract than different segments of profit. The review of the elements with more optional gatherings is troublesome than the review of elements with lesser mea sure of optional collections (Kent, Routledge Stewart, 2010). This sort of collections on occasion holds two components that are, the unsettling influence brought about by the deceptive and forceful detailing done by the chiefs for their own advantages and the data component which empowers the directors to share their inside data. Since the exceptionally gifted examiners have more prominent experience and information to isolate the data component from clamor, they are equipped for improving the educational nature of optional gathering by confining the exploitative and absurd announcing practice. Rundown of References: Badertscher, B.A., 2011. Overvaluation and the decision of elective income the board mechanisms.The Accounting Review,86(5), pp.1491-1518. Badertscher, B.A., Collins, D.W. what's more, Lys, T.Z., 2012. Optional bookkeeping decisions and the prescient capacity of gatherings regarding future money flows.Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(1), pp.330-352. Cohen, D.A. what's more, Zarowin, P., 2010. Gathering based and genuine profit the executives exercises around prepared value offerings.Journal of bookkeeping and Economics,50(1), pp.2-19. Gunny, K.A., 2010. The connection between profit the executives utilizing genuine exercises control and future execution: Evidence from meeting income benchmarks.Contemporary Accounting Research,27(3), pp.855-888. Hurtt, R.K., Brown-Liburd, H., Earley, C.E. what's more, Krishnamoorthy, G., 2013. Research on evaluator proficient incredulity: Literature union and open doors for future research.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,32(sp1), pp.45-97. Kent, P., Routledge, J. furthermore, Stewart, J., 2010. Natural and optional gatherings quality and corporate governance.Accounting Finance,50(1), pp.171-195. Linck, J.S., Netter, J. furthermore, Shu, T., 2013. Would managers be able to utilize optional gatherings to ease monetary limitations? Proof from optional collections before investment.The Accounting Review,88(6), pp.2117-2143. Quadackers, L., Groot, T. furthermore, Wright, A., 2014. Reviewers proficient distrust: Neutrality versus possible doubt.Contemporary Accounting Research,31(3), pp.639-657. Benevolently utilize the references in the event that any follow up is required on any of the above clarified subjects. Yours Sincerely, Understudies Name

The Worlds Largest Online Collection of Creative Ideas - Focus

The Worlds Largest Online Collection of Creative Ideas - Focus Following the 10-year anniversary of our online mind mapping tool MindMeister earlier this year, we’ve now reached a second milestone which, even more than the last, puts us in a state of awe: As of July 2017, one billion ideas have been generated with MindMeister. That’s right: 1,000,000,000 a thousand million distinct thoughts have been mapped by our 7 million users. If we were to put all of these ideas next to each other (and assuming that an idea has an average length of about 8 cm), this awe-inspiring idea-chain would run the circumference of the earth twice! Could this mean that MindMeister holds the largest online collection of creative ideas? After doing some digging, weve found no similar claims made by other platforms. The ideas generated in MindMeister cover pretty much every topic imaginable. Our public mind map library contains hundreds of thousands of maps, whose topics range from the best productivity hacks to effective learning strategies and from book summaries to business plan templates. Public maps are often used as collections of thoughts, as knowledge pools, guides or even presentations. However, the topics in public maps are not necessarily what we have in mind when we think of ideas those mysterious constructs that form in the mind; the elusive ‘aha moments’ that seem to come out of nowhere and all of a sudden, that let us stop whatever else we’re doing and with a sense of cautious hope think: ‘Could this really be as good as I think it is?’ The vast majority of these ideas are contained in those 25 million mind maps that haven’t been made public. The ones that are only shared with a select number of people, and seen only by team members and friends, co-founders, investors and clients. Helping people around the world come up with new and creative ideas and then turn these ideas into action is our number one priority at MeisterLabs. Virtually all of our own achievements every new feature, every expansion, every update to our web apps has originated in a mind map. We know from experience that online brainstorming sessions are more productive than traditional, in-person sessions, and science agrees. As Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic writes in the Harvard Business Review: “Indeed, studies comparing the performance of matched groups on physical and virtual sessions indicate that the latter generate more high quality ideas and have a higher average of creative ideas per person, as well as resulting in higher levels of satisfaction with the ideas.” When you provide a platform that enables people to transcribe their thoughts and, quite literally, map their minds onto a canvas, data security is of utmost importance. So, for obvious reasons, we have no way of knowing which remarkable ideas may have been generated by our customers over the years. Some of you were kind enough to share your ideas and projects with us, and you can read about those success stories on our website. Still, we are curious: Of those 1,000,000,000 ideas generated, which one are you most proud of? Brainstorm Online with MindMeister Get Started its free! Get Started The Worlds Largest Online Collection of Creative Ideas - Focus Following the 10-year anniversary of our online mind mapping tool MindMeister earlier this year, we’ve now reached a second milestone which, even more than the last, puts us in a state of awe: As of July 2017, one billion ideas have been generated with MindMeister. That’s right: 1,000,000,000 a thousand million distinct thoughts have been mapped by our 7 million users. If we were to put all of these ideas next to each other (and assuming that an idea has an average length of about 8 cm), this awe-inspiring idea-chain would run the circumference of the earth twice! Could this mean that MindMeister holds the largest online collection of creative ideas? After doing some digging, weve found no similar claims made by other platforms. The ideas generated in MindMeister cover pretty much every topic imaginable. Our public mind map library contains hundreds of thousands of maps, whose topics range from the best productivity hacks to effective learning strategies and from book summaries to business plan templates. Public maps are often used as collections of thoughts, as knowledge pools, guides or even presentations. However, the topics in public maps are not necessarily what we have in mind when we think of ideas those mysterious constructs that form in the mind; the elusive ‘aha moments’ that seem to come out of nowhere and all of a sudden, that let us stop whatever else we’re doing and with a sense of cautious hope think: ‘Could this really be as good as I think it is?’ The vast majority of these ideas are contained in those 25 million mind maps that haven’t been made public. The ones that are only shared with a select number of people, and seen only by team members and friends, co-founders, investors and clients. Helping people around the world come up with new and creative ideas and then turn these ideas into action is our number one priority at MeisterLabs. Virtually all of our own achievements every new feature, every expansion, every update to our web apps has originated in a mind map. We know from experience that online brainstorming sessions are more productive than traditional, in-person sessions, and science agrees. As Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic writes in the Harvard Business Review: “Indeed, studies comparing the performance of matched groups on physical and virtual sessions indicate that the latter generate more high quality ideas and have a higher average of creative ideas per person, as well as resulting in higher levels of satisfaction with the ideas.” When you provide a platform that enables people to transcribe their thoughts and, quite literally, map their minds onto a canvas, data security is of utmost importance. So, for obvious reasons, we have no way of knowing which remarkable ideas may have been generated by our customers over the years. Some of you were kind enough to share your ideas and projects with us, and you can read about those success stories on our website. Still, we are curious: Of those 1,000,000,000 ideas generated, which one are you most proud of? Brainstorm Online with MindMeister Get Started its free! Get Started

Macbeth, By William Shakespeare - 1443 Words

Background Macbeth is a dark play, both literally and symbolically, the tone of the play is sinister and its central characters are evil. Wicked witches and the supernatural influence the action which is characterised by multiple bloody deaths. When Shakespeare wrote Macbeth in 1606 James I had been King of England for three years. The king had previously been James VI of Scotland. King James symbolised the union of the Scottish and English crowns, a union to which Shakespeare refers in the play. It was well known that the new king was fascinated by witchcraft; Shakespeare might have been trying to win his approval by introducing the figures of the three weird sisters into the play. Macbeth was first performed at Hampton Court Palace†¦show more content†¦He was defeated in battle near Aberdeen by Malcolm III, the son of Duncan I, who had invaded Scotland with the help of Edward the Confessor, King of England. Malcolm slaughtered Macbeth s family so that his own kingship would be stabilised. This marked the end of the purely Celtic, exclusively barbaric Scottish people as it led to the gradual breaking down of barriers between England and Scotland and to the introduction of English ways and customs. Shakespeare never let historical fact get in the way of a good story. He changed several key aspects of the original story, either to intensify his drama or to ensure political correctness. As an example of the latter, Shakespeare s Macbeth, who commits the greatest of all crimes by murdering his king, finds he cannot live with himself and the consequences of his actions. He has rebelled against God and the order of creation; he becomes stricken with guilt and can’t live with himself. Banquo Banquo s role in the original source for Macbeth was as Macbeth s co-conspirator. In Shakespeare s play, he is depicted instead as Macbeth s rival; the role of fellow plotter passed to Lady Macbeth. Like Macbeth, Banquo is open to human yearnings and desires: He is, for example, just as keen to hear what the Witches have in store for him in Act I, Scene 3. He is kept from sleep by his dreams of the Witches. Nevertheless, Banquo is a sympathetic figure for several reasons. First, he is ignorant of

Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Treatment - 1871 Words

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Susan Teddrick A. McCreary The Chicago School of Professional Psychology Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Introduction Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach that involves conjoint therapy sessions of with the child and the parent. This approach is employed among children and/or adolescents that are experiencing emotional and behavioral difficulties that are significant and related to life events that are traumatic (Cohen, Mannarino, Deblinger, 2012). TF-CBT is a components-based model of treatment that includes intervention that are trauma-sensitive and cognitive behavioral, family and humanistic therapy†¦show more content†¦Q.1 Trauma-Informed Assessment of Susan Trauma-informed assessment comprises of the evaluation of the means by which the functioning of a child or youth might have been affected due a traumatic experience (Kerig, 2013). Three dimensions exist of trauma that the Trauma-Informed assessment might focus on. These include whether the child or youth has been exposed to events that are potentially traumatizing and whether displays symptoms that are linked to post traumatic stress. Finally, whether the youth meets the criteria for a formal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) diagnosis as indicated in DSM-IV (Kerig, 2013). Based on the case study provided Susan has qualifies as a youth that has had a traumatic experience on all three levels of focus in a trauma-informed assessment. Susan has been exposed to events that are traumatic. These are, for example, she has been for a long time been sexually abused by her father and her father frequently physically abused her mother over trivial issues and she even witnessed her parents fighting to the extent that her mother was hospitalized due to a head injury inflicted by her father. In addition, Susan displays symptoms that are linked to post traumatic stress disorder. These include the continuous engagement in daily physical altercations, sleeping difficulties, development of depression, drug experimentation, and aggressive behavior

Planning and Control Free Essays

Table Of Content 1. Introduction Planning 3 2. Planning 3 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning and Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1Goals3 2. 2Plans4 2. 2. 1 The Planning Process5 3. Controlling the Management Process6 3. 1Steps in Control6 3. 2Areas of Control7 3. 3Characteristics of Control7 4. Conclusion8 Reference 1. Introduction Of the four fundamental tasks of management I have chosen to discuss the first and forth steps of management which are Planning and Controlling the management process. Planning is the basis for the rest of the management functions. The two core components in the planning stage are goals and planning process. Goals are the destination of the organisation, they indicate where the organization is heading, planning is the route mapped out to achieve the goals, the steps taken and the changes that are to be made in order for the organization to reach said goals Planning Planning promotes co-ordination in the company where all departments work together to reach the pre-determined goal. Therefore teamwork and interdepartmental co-operation and communication are essential to work toward a primary goal. Management plan and formulate goals which are later used to assess control . The cost of the planning process may be time consuming. A lot of time and energy is needed to plan and strategize goals, this may cause a backlog in the management schedule. Planning may become rigid, not allowing any time to stray from the plans even the budget does not allow for it. The formal planning phase may also become a routine rather than viewed as a challenge thus the initial vigour and creatively may diminish over time. 1. 1Goals Goals are the starting point of any planning phase; they start from a mission statement and grow more specific. Organisations may have multiple goals the type of goal set is influenced by the level at which it is set. Goals are either stated publicly or not, this is determined by the degree of openness of the company. Official goals are declared publically to the media. Operative goals are private goals which are kept within the organization. Criteria for effective goals to improve chances of success achieving goals, managers should ensure that goals are not ambiguous. The SMART framework states that goals should be specific Goals should be Specific, it indicates what the goal relates to -Measurable , result can be evaluated in quantifiable terms -Attainable, challenging yet realistic -Relevant, relates to organisations mission and strategy -Time Bound, specified time line to instil a sense of urgency A goal setting technique : Management by objectives is a technique whereby the individual and Management goals are integrated toward on primary goal. Advantages of MBO The efforts of managers and employees focus on attaining organisational goals The organisations performance can improve Employees are motivated Individual goals align with organisational goals Disadvantages of MBO Constant change in the environment can cause frequent change in organisational goals Poor relations between managers and employees reduce the effectiveness of MBO Operational goals may displace strategic goals The organisational culture may discourage effective use of MBO MBO can result in too much paperwork 2. 2 Plans Plans are the ‘blueprints’ of achieving goals. It is an indicator of how goals are to be reached. It specifies resources to be used, the period in which the plans must be implemented. Managers consider many alternate plans of actions and choose one or a few plan of action that may be most feasible this includes External factors such as environment and market stability, strengths and weaknesses of the company and staff as a whole as It is best to work to the strengths of the company taking into account skills, patent, capital and the image of the organisation. 2. 2. 1 The planning process Variables set the parameters within which the managers can formulate realistic organisational goals and plans. Planning in context, uses five variables namely, purpose, Mission statement, Environment, Values of Managers and Experience of Managers. In each organisation the purpose must be clear. The organisation must take into account its social responsibility, job creation and how to improve its product. The mission statement states a clear defined goal. The organisation is constantly adapting the economic environment may cause the plan to change, money may not be available to attain goal, a new route must be planned. Thus with Managers the organisational culture and work ethic must be in line with the organisations view and have relevant experience. Establish a goal, several different alternative plans are looked at of which the most feasible plan is selected. This plan is then implement and monitored, called reactive planning. Planning happens on three levels of the organisation, top level – long term strategic goals, middle level- medium term tactical goals, and lower level – short term operational goals for their department. There are different types of goals and plans. Strategic, Tactical and Operational. Strategic goals and plans involve the company as a whole long term goals and not specific function or operation. These aim to improve the image of the company and market the product to the masses to increase business opportunity strengthen the company and foundation in the market place by increasing sales and demand of the product. Tactical Goals, for middle management for functional area goals and how to carry out these tasks. These are medium or short term goals derived from the long term goals and are focused goals. Operational goals , are short term goals no longer than a year that deal with the day to day running of the company which are unit goals and operational standards. These require programs that are followed, targets to be reached, budgets and projects that need to be completed. 2. Controlling the management process The forth step of fundamental management where the assessment of actual performance against planned performance initiates a new cycle of planning, organising , leading and control. Organisations use controls to ensure that they progressing toward their goals. Although it is the final step it forms the basis of a new cycle as it gives feedback as to what is working and what needs to changed. The purpose of control is to align goals and actual performance. Control helps organisations adapt to environmental change, helps limit error, ensures companies cope with growing complexity most importantly It helps minimizes financial implications. 3. 1 Steps In Control Establish performance standards at strategic point and is a mirror image of planning, as the plans indicate the goals and setting of standards or norms necessary for control. Measuring actual performance is based on assessing quantifiable, reliable results before any valid comparisons are made. Evaluate deviations the results are measured to assess if the target is near or far from the goal. At this stage the gap between below average, level or exceeds expectations are evaluated Take corrective action, the results are evaluated and strategy adjusted to achieve required result. 3. 2 Areas of control Most organisations define areas of four different types of resources, Generally human, financial physical and information resources are deployed to achieve specific goals. Physical control, are the inventory items like raw material deliveries on time so that production is not interrupted. Quality control, involves the product is made without fault. Human resources involves orderly placement and selection of staff , using regular job performance evaluations to make sure the standards are not slipping. Information resources are the accurate marketing and forecasting of the product, financial resources are the budgeting. Financial resources are at the centre of control as it enables and restricts the amount of control and planning executed by the company due to affordability. 3. 3 Characteristics of effective control system Integration – control system is more effective when it is integrated with planning. The closer links between control and planning the better the eventual control system will be. Flexibility – the system should be able to accommodate change . adjustments that are not regarded as deviations but rather revision of plans. Accuracy – provides an accurate objective, errors and deviations should not be concealed in the data. Timeliness control data should be supplied regularly as needed and not be taken hastily. Simplicity – a complex system is viewed as an obstacle because they can have a negative influence on the sound judgement of competent managers. Too much information can be demotivating and place great demand on time and attention of management which means that the control will become too expensive. Conclusion. The Importance of Goals are that they are unidirectional, meaning that the company moves towards a primary goal using a clearly formulated action. Planning ensures that the company has the resources to reach their goals and controlling the processes is the ever changing adapting process to keep the company on track to achieve the intended goal. REFERENCE : INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS MANAGEMENT; TOIT, ERASMUS, STRYDOM; OXFORD UNIVERSITY ; EIGHTH EDITION How to cite Planning and Control, Papers

The Electoral College Essays (2100 words) - Voting Systems

The Electoral College When the Constitutional Convention gathered in 1784 they had the difficult task of determining how our government should be assembled and what systems we should use to elect them. They quickly decided congress should have the powers to pass laws and the people should elect these people to ensure they are following the will of the people. But who should elect the president? Congress was the initial choice of most of the framers, but then they realized they first dilemma; by having congress elect the president, he would be loyal only to congress and not the people. The second and most logically thought was to have the people elect the president. However, this too was a problem in the eyes of most of the framers. They felt that people were prone to being rash and emotional and therefore could not be trusted to make a wise decision. So then congress settled on the final choice, which was to be a compromise between the smaller and larger states, which would ensure that the president would be fairly and wisely selected and that smaller states would have the same power as larger states. This system is called the Electoral College. In the Electoral College, each state is granted one vote for every representative and one for every senator, thus ensuring that each state would be equally represented when electing the president. However, the same question arises every four years, are the ideals that were used to create the Electoral College system over 200 years ago still applicable today or have that outlived their intended purposes? In order to answer that we must first explore the purposes for setting up the Electoral College and then determine how relevant it is to today. The first purpose for setting up the Electoral College was to ensure that congress did not have too much power. When the system of government was finally decided on, our founding fathers understood the importance of the balance of power within the three branches of the government. They called this system checks and balances. This system was set up to ensure that the government would remain loyal to the people and loyal to their states (Hamilton). In The Federalist Papers, No. 68, Alexander Hamilton discusses the importance of having the president elected by the Electoral College. He said that in order to ensure that we do not end up with the same problems that America had with the monarch of England, it was important that the balance of power was spread throughout the government and that no one portion have too much power. Another reason Alexander Hamilton gave for not having congress elect the president was that the founders wanted to reassure states that they had not given up all their power to a federal government. In order to ratify the constitution, the framers knew that it would have to be approved in each of the thirteen states. They also knew that these states would be skeptical of a powerful central government that would have the ability to take away all their rights. So, they would have to make sure that each of these states was comfortable with the amount of power given to each branch of the central government. This point is also clearly evident today. During the election this year, the Republican Party ran on a platform that included the premise of a smaller government. This platform was in line with an MSNBC poll that was taken in July 2000, which asked this question, Do you think it is important to limit the size of the federal government? Over 72 percent of the 4,143 people surveyed said they believed that it is important to limit the size of the government. So even in the age of government programs which help support the citizens of this nation, people still understand the importance of keeping our government small. The second purpose for the Electoral College was to give smaller states the same rights and powers as the larger states. There are two primary reasons why the smaller states have the same, if not more, power than the larger states when it comes to electing the president. The first is, a presidential candidate must